Its origins date back to the English Navy, formally founded by Henry VIII in 1546, although naval forces existed centuries earlier.6 It became the Royal Navy in 1707 with the union of the English and Scottish navies.6 Played a crucial role in defense against invasions (Spanish Armada, 1588; French plans in the 18th and 19th centuries).6 Was fundamental in building and maintaining the British Empire, protecting vital trade routes in the Atlantic and other oceans.6 Engaged in numerous wars against rival powers, including Spain, Holland, France (Napoleonic Wars, Battle of Trafalgar 1805), and Germany (World War I and II, Battle of the Atlantic).6 In the 19th century, led international efforts to suppress the transatlantic slave trade (West Africa Squadron) and combat piracy (including Barbary pirates).6 Conducted important voyages of scientific exploration (Cook, Darwin/Beagle, Ross, Challenger).6 Was the world's most powerful navy from the 18th century until the mid-20th century.6 Its strength depended on technological advancements (ships of the line, battleships, aircraft carriers), strategic naval bases (Gibraltar, Malta, etc.), and recruitment/training of personnel.6 Shipbuilding was divided between private shipyards and the Royal Dockyards (Portsmouth, Plymouth, etc.).67