Country
Portugal
City / Region
Caminha / Viana do Castelo
Construction Date
Late 17th century (c. 1690). This date falls within a period of strengthening the Minho coastal defense, following the Portuguese Restoration War, in response to persistent threats from Spain and piracy. It is part of a group of similar fortifications built in the region during this period, suggesting a coordinated construction plan to reinforce the line of fire of existing fortresses.
Conservation status
Classified as a Property of Public Interest (IIP). It was decommissioned as a military structure, losing its permanent garrison, by order of the Junta of the Three Estates in 1716. This relatively quick decommissioning, less than three decades after its construction, may reflect a shift in strategic priorities, a decrease in the perceived threat (particularly from Spain), or economic difficulties in maintaining an extensive network of small coastal fortifications after the initial post-Restoration effort.
Latitude and Longitude
41°47'51"N 8°52'25"W
Main characteristics
It has a star-shaped plan composed of four salient angles (redans). On the landward side, the larger angles have sentry boxes (or watchtowers) at their vertices and are connected by a curtain wall where the round-arched entrance gate is located. On the seaward side, the redans are smaller and flank a half-moon battery with a barbette platform (an open platform for artillery). The parapet of the walls has merlons and embrasures. Inside, two single-story rectangular buildings flank the parade ground. The layout shares the same general design as the forts of Areosa and Montedor, in the same region, raising the possibility that they were designed by the same military engineer. Despite its "small dimensions," its structure and defensive capability allow it to be classified as a "true fortress." Such a classification suggests that its typology, from the perspective of the time or modern catalogers, did not depend exclusively on physical scale but also on the complexity of its bastioned design (star-shaped plan, crossfire capability) and its strategic function integrated into a regional defensive system.
Source(s)
ALMEIDA, Carlos Alberto Ferreira de. Alto Minho. Lisboa: [s.n.], 1987.
BATISTA, J. Mureles. Forte do Cão/Gelfa. Informação Arqueológica, Braga, v. 5, 1985.
FERNANDEZ NUNEZ, Estanislao. Teoria y proyeto sobre las fortificaciones militares al nuerte del Duero. Vila Nova de Gaia: Gabinete de História e Arqueologia de Vila Nova de Gaia, 1987.
MOREIRA, Rafael. "Do rigor teórico à urgência prática: a arquitectura militar". In: História da Arte em Portugal. Lisboa: Publicações Alfa, 1986. v. 8.
NOÉ, Paula. Guia de Inventário - Fortificações medievais e modernas. Sacavém: IHRU, IP, 2015. Versão 1.1. SILVA, M. Isabel. "Forte do Cão/Gelfa". Informação Arqueológica, Braga, v. 5, 1985.